Abstract
Measurements of driving patterns in Australia and Asia, and by other researchers in Europe and U.S. are described. Thus models are calibrated to estimate real world emissions from the U.S. FTP and additional tests. The measured data from 280 cars of worldwide origin, spanning leaded fuel to unleaded 3-way catalyst technology, were obtained using an advanced vehicle test facility. Durability data is taken from a 600 car test program. Historical data on the growth and use of vehicle populations in cities are used to forecast the change in passenger car emissions on the cities air-shed. Sensitivity analysis to existing and future emission standards, Euro 2, Euro 3, LEV including OBD is presented, including analyses showing costs benefits.